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Mexican wolf
The Mexican wolf (''Canis lupus baileyi''), also known as the lobo, is a subspecies of gray wolf once native to southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western Texas and northern Mexico. It is the smallest of North America's gray wolves,〔Mech, L. David (1981), ''The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species'', University of Minnesota Press, p. 350, ISBN 0-8166-1026-6〕 and is similar to ''C. l. nubilus'', though it is distinguished by its smaller, narrower skull and its darker pelt, which is yellowish-gray and heavily clouded with black over the back and tail.〔Bailey, V. (1932), Mammals of New Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey. North American Fauna No. 53. Washington, D.C. Pages 303-308.〕 Its ancestors were likely the first gray wolves to enter North America after the extinction of the Beringian wolf, as indicated by its southern range and basal physical and genetic characteristics.〔
Though once held in high regard in Pre-Columbian Mexico,〔 it is the most endangered gray wolf in North America, having been extirpated in the wild during the mid-1900s through a combination of hunting, trapping, poisoning and digging pups from dens. After being listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1976, the United States and Mexico collaborated to capture all lobos remaining in the wild. This extreme measure prevented the lobos' extinction. Five wild Mexican wolves (four males and one pregnant female) were captured alive in Mexico from 1977 to 1980 and used to start a captive breeding program. From this program, captive-bred Mexican wolves were released into recovery areas in Arizona and New Mexico beginning in 1998 in order to assist the animals' recolonization of their former historical range.〔Nie, M. A. (2003), ''Beyond Wolves: The Politics of Wolf Recovery and Management'', University of Minnesota Press, pp. 118-119, ISBN 0816639787〕
==Taxonomy and evolution==
First described as a distinct subspecies in 1929 by Edward Nelson and Edward Goldman on account of its small size, narrow skull and dark pelt,〔Nelson, E. W. and Goldman, E. A. (1929), A new wolf from Mexico, ''Journal of Mammalogy'' 10:165–166.〕 genetic and morphological studies indicate that the Mexican wolf is the most basal and genetically distinct of North American gray wolves, being more closely related to Old World wolves rather than other New World subspecies. Its ancestors were likely the first gray wolves to cross the Bering Land Bridge into North America during the Pleistocene after the extinction of the Beringian wolf,〔Leonard. J. A., Vilà, C., Fox-Dobbs. K., Koch, P. L., Wayne. R. K., Van Valkenburgh, G. (2007), Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph, ''Current Biology'' 17:1146–1150〕 colonizing most of the continent until pushed southwards by the newly arrived ancestors of ''C. l. nubilus''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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